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991.
Roy C. Bartholomay Brian V. Twining Peter E. Rose 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2014,34(1):79-88
Starting in 2008, a 4‐year tracer study was conducted to evaluate ambient changes in groundwater concentrations of a 1,3,6‐naphthalene trisulfonate tracer that was added to drill water. Samples were collected under open borehole conditions and after installing a multilevel groundwater monitoring system completed with 11 discrete monitoring zones within dense and fractured basalt and sediment layers in the eastern Snake River aquifer. The study was done in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy to test whether ambient fracture flow conditions were sufficient to remove the effects of injected drill water prior to sample collection. Results from thief samples indicated that the tracer was present in minor concentrations 28 days after coring, but was not present 6 months after coring or 7 days after reaming the borehole. Results from sampling the multilevel monitoring system indicated that small concentrations of the tracer remained in 5 of 10 zones during some period after installation. All concentrations were several orders of magnitude lower than the initial concentrations in the drill water. The ports that had remnant concentrations of the tracer were either located near sediment layers or were located in dense basalt, which suggests limited groundwater flow near these ports. The ports completed in well‐fractured and vesicular basalt had no detectable concentrations. 相似文献
992.
Catalina Espino Devine Peter Bennett Karen Synowiec Sheldon Nelson Rachel Mohler Murray Einarson 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2014,34(3):95-104
A field screening method was developed for rapid measurement of benzene and gasoline range total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHg) concentrations in groundwater. The method is based on collecting photoionization detector (PID) measurements from vapor samples. The vapor samples are collected by bubbling air through groundwater samples (air sparging) with a constant volume, temperature and sparging rate. The level of accuracy, sensitivity, precision, and statistical significance of the estimated concentrations, derived from the screening method, are comparable to conventional laboratory analytical results at concentrations equal to or greater than 150 µg/L for benzene and greater than 50 µg/L for TPHg. The method's concentration estimations can assist in making real‐time decisions regarding location of dissolved plumes and light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) source zones at many fuel release sites. The screening method was tested in the laboratory and in the field with 208 and 107 samples, respectively. The study concludes that the screening method can be used as a tool to aid in completing a site conceptual model as well as analyzing groundwater from monitoring wells. 相似文献
993.
Peter W. Webley Kenneson Dean John E. Bailey Jon Dehn Rorik Peterson 《Natural Hazards》2009,51(2):345-361
There are over 100 active volcanoes in the North Pacific (NOPAC) region, most of which are located in sparsely populated areas. Dispersion models play an important role in forecasting the movement of volcanic ash clouds by complementing both remote sensing data and visual observations from the ground and aircraft. Puff is a three-dimensional dispersion model, primarily designed for forecasting volcanic ash dispersion, used by the Alaska Volcano Observatory and other agencies. Since early 2007, the model is in an automated mode to predict the movement of airborne volcanic ash at multiple elevated alert status volcanoes worldwide to provide immediate information when an eruption occurs. Twelve of the predictions are within the NOPAC region, nine more within the southern section of the Pacific ring of fire and the others are in Europe and the Caribbean. Model forecasts are made for initial ash plumes ranging from 4 to 20 km altitude above sea level and for a 24-h forecast period. This information is made available via the Puff model website. Model results can be displayed in Virtual Globes for three-dimensional visualization. Here, we show operational Puff predictions in two and three-dimensions in Google Earth®, both as iso-surfaces and particles, and study past eruptions to illustrate the capabilities that the Virtual Globes can provide. In addition, we show the opportunity that Google Maps® provides in displaying Puff operational predictions via an application programming web interface and how radiosonde data (vertical soundings) and numerical weather prediction vertical profiles can be displayed in Virtual Globes for assisting in estimating ash cloud heights. 相似文献
994.
Saed Khayat Peter Möller Stefan Geyer Amer Marei Christian Siebert Fayez Abu Hilo 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(8):1739-1751
The spatial and temporal changes of the composition of the groundwater from the springs along the Wadi Qilt stream running
from the Jerusalem–Ramallah Mountains towards the Jericho Plain is studied during the hydrological year 2006/2007. The residence
time and the intensity of recharge play an important role in controlling the chemical composition of spring water which mainly
depends on distance from the main recharge area. A very important factor is the oxidation of organics derived from sewage
and garbage resulting in variable dissolved CO2 and associated HCO3
− concentration. High CO2 yields lower pH values and thus under-saturation with respect to calcite and dolomite. Low CO2 concentrations result in over-saturation. Only at the beginning and at the end of the rainy season calcite saturation is
achieved. The degradation of dissolved organic matter is a major source for increasing water hardness. Besides dissolution
of carbonates dissolved species such as nitrate, chloride, and sulfate are leached from soil and aquifer rocks together with
only small amounts of Mg. Mg not only originates from carbonates but also from Mg–Cl waters are leached from aquifer rocks.
Leaching of Mg–Cl brines is particularly high at the beginning of the winter season and lowest at its end. Two zones of recharge
are distinguishable. Zone 1 represented by Ein Fara and Ein Qilt is fed directly through the infiltration of meteoric water
and surface runoff from the mountains along the eastern mountain slopes with little groundwater residence time and high flow
rate. The second zone is near the western border of Jericho at the foothills, which is mainly fed by the under-groundwater
flow from the eastern slopes with low surface infiltration rate. This zone shows higher groundwater residence time and slower
flow rate than zone 1. Groundwater residence time and the flow rate within the aquifer systems are controlled by the geological
structure of the aquifer, the amount of active recharge to the aquifer, and the recharge mechanism. The results of this study
may be useful in increasing the efficiency of freshwater exploitation in the region. Some precautions, however, should be
taken in future plans of artificial recharge of the aquifers or surface-water harvesting in the Wadi. Because of evaporation
and associated groundwater deterioration, the runoff water should be artificially infiltrated in zones of Wadis with high
storage capacity of aquifers. Natural infiltration along the Wadis lead to evaporation losses and less quality of groundwater. 相似文献
995.
Peter R. Dawes 《地学学报》2009,21(1):1-13
Nares Strait separating Greenland and northernmost Canada is floored by continental crust. Most palaeogeographic reconstructions of Laurentia and the North Atlantic region model the seaway as the site of massive sinistral strike–slip and/or compression/transpression, subduction and collision, the supposed manifestations of the hypothetical Wegener Fault. However, these reconstructions fail to take into account the bedrock geology that represents within-plate evolution. Both sides of Smith Sound, the southernmost part of Nares Strait, expose the same early Proterozoic to early Palaeozoic assemblages that are unaffected by seaway-related tectonism or thermal activity. Smith Sound is an intact crustal block or `linchpin' demonstrating that there was no independent Greenland plate. North-west Greenland was not a leading plate margin neither was Nares Strait the site of the plate boundary between Greenland and North America. The Wegener Fault does not exist. The Smith Sound linchpin constitutes a key constraint that must be respected in any palaeogeographic reconstruction of the region. 相似文献
996.
The diverse clam shrimp Nestoria-Keratestheria fauna is widely distributed in the Dabeigou Formation in northern Hebei and eastern Inner Mongolia of China.Its important component genus Magumbonia from the Dabeigou Formation in the Luanping Basin,northern Hebei,China,is revised on the basis of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of the type species M.jingshangensis Wang,1984,which revealed morphological features not recognized previously.These include coarse reticulation on the umbo and promi... 相似文献
997.
南海张裂过程及其对晚中生代以来东南亚构造的启示——IODP建议书735-Full介绍 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
李春峰 汪品先 Dieter Franke 李家彪 许树坤 Peter Michael 周祖翼 翦知湣 李前裕 刘志飞 耿建华 木村学 阎贫 丘学林 王嘹亮 解习农 吴时国 吴能友 《地球科学进展》2009,24(12):1339-1351
南海的形成揭示了大陆边缘张裂和盆地形成的复杂模式,尽管已经进行了广泛研究,但是关于基底岩石和深海盆沉积层的精确年代数据还很缺乏,这使得对南海张裂年代的估计存在很大的误差,对张裂机制和历史的各种假设没有得到验证.同时只有对南海的张裂过程有了精确地分析与刻画,才能更好地理解西太平洋边缘海盆地的形成以及它们在印支块体受印度-欧亚板块碰撞而向东南挤出、青藏高原隆升中可能起到的作用.2009年正式提交的国际综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)建议书735-Full建议在南海深海盆内的4个站位上实施钻探.这4个站位分布在南海盆地4个不同的次级构造单元上(南海东北部、西北次海盆、东部次海盆和西南次海盆),这样的站位设计会确保完成本建议书的整体研究目标,即揭示南海的张裂历史和它对晚中生代以来东南亚构造的启示.位于南海盆地最东北部的站位有助于确定该区域地壳的属性和验证古南海是否存在,位于西北次海盆的站住可能会提供南海的最早张裂年代,另外2个分别位于东部次海盆和西南次海盆的站位将重点确定2个次海盆的绝对年龄、基底矿物成分与磁化率以及2个次海盆的相对张裂次序.这些站位的水深大约在2 910~4 400 m,钻探深度预计到海底以下大约700~2 200 m,总的钻透深度为5 959 m,其中5 359 m穿透沉积层,另外600 m或400 m钻入基底.所有这些站位的位置是由已有的地球物理观测数据所确定,目前计划收集更多的地质与地球物理数据以满足IODP对井位调查数据的要求. 相似文献
998.
Barbara J. Thompson Sarah E. Gibson Peter C. Schroeder David F. Webb Charles N. Arge Mario M. Bisi Giuliana de Toma Barbara A. Emery Antoinette B. Galvin Deborah A. Haber Bernard V. Jackson Elizabeth A. Jensen Robert J. Leamon Jiuhou Lei Periasamy K. Manoharan M. Leila Mays Patrick S. McIntosh Gordon J. D. Petrie Simon P. Plunkett Liying Qian Peter Riley Steven T. Suess Munetoshi Tokumaru Brian T. Welsch Thomas N. Woods 《Solar physics》2011,274(1-2):29-56
We present an overview of the data and models collected for the Whole Heliosphere Interval, an international campaign to study the three-dimensional solar?Cheliospheric?Cplanetary connected system near solar minimum. The data and models correspond to solar Carrington Rotation 2068 (20 March??C?16 April 2008) extending from below the solar photosphere, through interplanetary space, and down to Earth??s mesosphere. Nearly 200 people participated in aspects of WHI studies, analyzing and interpreting data from nearly 100 instruments and models in order to elucidate the physics of fundamental heliophysical processes. The solar and inner heliospheric data showed structure consistent with the declining phase of the solar cycle. A closely spaced cluster of low-latitude active regions was responsible for an increased level of magnetic activity, while a highly warped current sheet dominated heliospheric structure. The geospace data revealed an unusually high level of activity, driven primarily by the periodic impingement of high-speed streams. The WHI studies traced the solar activity and structure into the heliosphere and geospace, and provided new insight into the nature of the interconnected heliophysical system near solar minimum. 相似文献
999.
Prediction of coastal hazards due to climate change is fraught with uncertainty that stems from complexity of coastal systems, estimation of sea level rise, and limitation of available data. In-depth research on coastal modeling is hampered by lack of techniques for handling uncertainty, and the available commercial geographical information systems (GIS) packages have only limited capability of handling uncertain information. Therefore, integrating uncertainty theory with GIS is of practical and theoretical significance. This article presents a GIS-based model that integrates an existing predictive model using a differential approach, random simulation, and fuzzy set theory for predicting geomorphic hazards subject to uncertainty. Coastal hazard is modeled as the combined effects of sea-level induced recession and storm erosion, using grid modeling techniques. The method is described with a case study of Fingal Bay Beach, SE Australia, for which predicted responses to an IPCC standard sea-level rise of 0.86 m and superimposed storm erosion averaged 12 m and 90 m, respectively, with analysis of uncertainty yielding maximum of 52 m and 120 m, respectively. Paradoxically, output uncertainty reduces slightly with simulated increase in random error in the digital elevation model (DEM). This trend implies that the magnitude of modeled uncertainty is not necessarily increased with the uncertainties in the input parameters. Built as a generic tool, the model can be used not only to predict different scenarios of coastal hazard under uncertainties for coastal management, but is also applicable to other fields that involve predictive modeling under uncertainty. 相似文献
1000.
Godstime K. James Jimmy O. Adegoke Ekechukwu Saba Peter Nwilo Joseph Akinyede 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(3):249-267
This study was carried out with the primary aim of understanding how the mangrove ecosystem in the Niger Delta has been altered recently. Specifically, we determined the spatial extent of the mangrove forest in the Niger Delta using remotely sensed satellite data and estimated changes in the spatial extent of the forest from the mid-1980s through 2003. Overall, about 21,340 hectares of Mangrove forest was lost over the study period. Fieldwork confirmed that these losses were primarily due to urbanization, dredging activities, activities of the oil and gas industries, and the spread of Nypa Palm (Nypa frutican) plant species. 相似文献